{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# FAQ\n",
    "\n",
    "Commonly asked questions about TimeGPT"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Table of contents\n",
    "- [TimeGPT](#timegpt)\n",
    "- [TimeGPT API Key](#timegpt-api-key)\n",
    "- [Features and Capabilities](#features-and-capabilities)\n",
    "- [Fine-tuning](#finetuning)\n",
    "- [Pricing and Billing](#pricing-and-billing)\n",
    "- [Privacy and Security](#privacy-and-security)\n",
    "- [Troubleshooting](#troubleshooting)\n",
    "- [Additional Support](#additional-support)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## TimeGPT"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<details> \n",
    "    <summary>What is TimeGPT?</summary>\n",
    "\n",
    "`TimeGPT` is the first foundation model for time series forecasting. It can produce accurate forecasts for new time series across a diverse array of domains using only historical values as inputs. The model \"reads\" time series data sequentially from left to right, similarly to how humans read a sentence. It looks at windows of past data, which we can think of as \"tokens\", and then predicts what comes next. This prediction is based on patterns the model identifies and that it extrapolates into the future. Beyond forecasting, `TimeGPT` supports other time series related tasks, such as what-if-scenarios, anomaly detection, and more. \n",
    "</details>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<details>\n",
    "    <summary>Is TimeGPT based on a Large Language Model (LLM)?</summary> \n",
    "\n",
    "No, `TimeGPT` is not based on any large language model. While it follows the same principle of training a large transformer model on a vast dataset, its architecture is specifically designed to handle time series data and it has been trained to minimize forecasting errors. \n",
    "\n",
    "</details>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<details>\n",
    "    <summary>How do I get started with TimeGPT?</summary>\n",
    "\n",
    "To get started with `TimeGPT`, you need to register for an account [here](https://dashboard.nixtla.io/). You will receive an email asking you to confirm your signup. After confirming, you will be able to access your dashboard, which contains the details of your account.\n",
    "\n",
    "</details>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<details>\n",
    "    <summary>How accessible is TimeGPT and what are the usage costs?</summary>\n",
    "\n",
    "For a more in-depth understanding of `TimeGPT`, please refer to the [research paper](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.03589.pdf). While certain aspects of the model's architecture remain confidential, registration for `TimeGPT` is open to all. New users receive $1,000 USD in free credits and subsequent usage fees are based on token consumption. For more details, please refer to the [Pricing and Billing](#pricing-and-billing) section\n",
    "\n",
    "</details>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<details>\n",
    "    <summary>How can I use TimeGPT?</summary>\n",
    "\n",
    "- Through the [Python SDK](https://github.com/Nixtla/nixtla)\n",
    "\n",
    "- Via the `TimeGPT` API. For instructions on how to call the API using different languages, please refer to the [API documentation](https://docs.nixtla.io/reference/timegpt_timegpt_post)\n",
    "\n",
    "Both methods require you to have a [API key](#timegpt-api-key), which is obtained upon registration and can be found in your dashboard under `API Keys`.\n",
    "</details>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## TimeGPT API Key"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<details>\n",
    "    <summary>What is an API key?</summary>\n",
    "\n",
    "An API key is a unique string of characters that serves as a key to authenticate your requests when using the Nixtla SDK. It ensures that the person making the requests is authorized to do so.\n",
    "\n",
    "</details>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<details>\n",
    "    <summary>Where can I get an API key?</summary>\n",
    "\n",
    "Upon registration, you will receive an API key that can be found in your [dashboard](https://dashboard.nixtla.io/) under `API Keys`. Remember that your API key is personal and should not be shared with anyone.\n",
    "</details>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<details>\n",
    "    <summary>How do I use my API key?</summary>\n",
    "\n",
    "To integrate your API key into your development workflow, please refer to the tutorial on [Setting Up Your API Key](https://docs.nixtla.io/docs/getting-started-setting_up_your_api_key). \n",
    "\n",
    "</details>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<details>\n",
    "    <summary>How can I check the status of my API key?</summary>\n",
    "\n",
    "If you want to check the status of your API key, you can use the [`validate_api_key` method](https://nixtlaverse.nixtla.io/nixtla/nixtla_client.html#nixtlaclient-validate-api-key) of the `NixtlaClient` class. \n",
    "\n",
    "`nixtla_client = NixtlaClient(\n",
    "    api_key = 'my_api_key_provided_by_nixtla'\n",
    ")`\n",
    "\n",
    "`nixtla_client.validate_api_key()`\n",
    "\n",
    "If your key is validating correctly, this will return\n",
    "\n",
    "```\n",
    "INFO:nixtla.nixtla_client:Happy Forecasting! :), If you have questions or need support, please email ops@nixtla.io\n",
    "\n",
    "True\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "</details>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<details>\n",
    "    <summary>What if my API key isn't validating?</summary>\n",
    "\n",
    "If when you validate your API key, it returns\n",
    "\n",
    "`False`\n",
    "\n",
    "* Check that your API key is active in your dashboard\n",
    "\n",
    "* Consider any firewalls your organization might have. There may be restricted access. If so, you can whitelist our endpoints.  \n",
    "https://dashboard.nixtla.io/api and https://api.nixtla.io/\n",
    "\n",
    "</details>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Features and Capabilities"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<details>\n",
    "    <summary>What is the input to TimeGPT?</summary>\n",
    "\n",
    "`TimeGPT` accepts `pandas` dataframes in [long format](https://www.theanalysisfactor.com/wide-and-long-data/#comments) with the following necessary columns: \n",
    "\n",
    "- `ds` (timestamp): timestamp in format `YYYY-MM-DD` or `YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS`. \n",
    "- `y` (numeric): The target variable to forecast. \n",
    "\n",
    "(Optionally, you can also pass a DataFrame without the `ds` column as long as it has DatetimeIndex)\n",
    "\n",
    "`TimeGPT` also works with [distributed dataframes](https://docs.nixtla.io/docs/tutorials-computing_at_scale) like `dask`, `spark` and `ray`. \n",
    "\n",
    "</details>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<details>\n",
    "    <summary>Can TimeGPT handle multiple time series?</summary>\n",
    "\n",
    "Yes. For guidance on forecasting multiple time series at once, consult the [Multiple Series](https://docs.nixtla.io/docs/tutorials-multiple_series_forecasting) tutorial. \n",
    "\n",
    "</details>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<details>\n",
    "    <summary>Does TimeGPT support forecasting with exogenous variables?</summary>\n",
    "\n",
    "Yes. For instructions on how to incorporate exogenous variables to `TimeGPT`, see the [Exogenous Variables](https://docs.nixtla.io/docs/tutorials-exogenous_variables) tutorial. For incorporating calendar dates specifically, you may find the [Holidays and Special Dates](https://docs.nixtla.io/docs/tutorials-holidays_and_special_dates) tutorial useful. For categorical variables, refer to the [Categorical Variables](https://docs.nixtla.io/docs/tutorials-categorical_variables) tutorial.\n",
    "\n",
    "</details>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<details>\n",
    "    <summary>Can TimeGPT be used for anomaly detection?</summary>\n",
    "\n",
    "Yes. To learn how to use `TimeGPT` for anomaly detection, refer to the [Anomaly Detection](https://docs.nixtla.io/docs/capabilities-anomaly-detection-anomaly_detection) tutorial.\n",
    "\n",
    "</details>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "\n",
    "<details>\n",
    "    <summary>Does TimeGPT support cross-validation?</summary>\n",
    "\n",
    "Yes. To learn how to use `TimeGPT` for cross-validation, refer to the [Cross-Validation](https://docs.nixtla.io/docs/tutorials-cross_validation) tutorial.\n",
    "\n",
    "</details>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<details>\n",
    "    <summary>Can TimeGPT be used to forecast historical data?</summary>\n",
    "\n",
    "Yes. To find out how to forecast historical data using `TimeGPT`, see the [Historical Forecast](https://docs.nixtla.io/docs/tutorials-historical_forecast) tutorial.\n",
    "\n",
    "</details>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<details>\n",
    "    <summary>Can TimeGPT be used for uncertainty quantification?</summary>\n",
    "\n",
    "Yes. For more information, explore the [Prediction Intervals](https://docs.nixtla.io/docs/tutorials-prediction_intervals) and [Quantile Forecasts](https://docs.nixtla.io/docs/tutorials-quantile_forecasts) tutorials. \n",
    "\n",
    "</details>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<details>\n",
    "    <summary>Can TimeGPT handle large datasets?</summary>\n",
    "\n",
    "Yes. When dealing with large datasets that contain hundreds of thousands or millions of time series, we recommend using a distributed backend. `TimeGPT` is compatible with several [distributed computing frameworks](https://docs.nixtla.io/docs/tutorials-computing_at_scale), including [Spark](https://docs.nixtla.io/docs/tutorials-spark), [Ray](https://docs.nixtla.io/docs/tutorials-ray), and [Dask](https://docs.nixtla.io/docs/tutorials-dask). Both the `TimeGPT` SDK and API don’t have a limit on the size of the dataset as long as a distributed backend is used.\n",
    "\n",
    "</details>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<details>\n",
    "    <summary>Can TimeGPT be used with limited/short data?</summary>\n",
    "\n",
    "`TimeGPT` supports any amount of data for generating point forecasts and is capable of producing results with just one observation per series. When using arguments such as `level`, `finetune_steps`, `X_df` (exogenous variables), or `add_history`, additional data points are necessary depending on the data frequency. For more details, please refer to the [Data Requirements](https://docs.nixtla.io/docs/getting-started-data_requirements) tutorial.\n",
    "\n",
    "</details>\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<details>\n",
    "    <summary>What is the maximum forecast horizon allowed by TimeGPT?</summary>\n",
    "\n",
    "While `TimeGPT` does not have a maximum forecast horizon, its performance will decrease as the horizon increases. When the forecast horizon exceeds the season length of the data (for example, more than 12 months for monthly data), you will get this message: `WARNING:nixtla.nixtla_client:The specified horizon \"h\" exceeds the model horizon. This may lead to less accurate forecasts. Please consider using a smaller horizon`.\n",
    "\n",
    "For details, refer to the tutorial on [Long Horizon in Time Series](https://docs.nixtla.io/docs/tutorials-long_horizon_forecasting).\n",
    "\n",
    "</details>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<details>\n",
    "    <summary>Can TimeGPT handle missing values?</summary>\n",
    "\n",
    "`TimeGPT` cannot handle missing values or series with irregular timestamps. For more information, see the [Forecasting Time Series with Irregular Timestamps](https://docs.nixtla.io/docs/tutorials-irregular_timestamps) and the [Dealing with Missing Values](https://docs.nixtla.io/docs/tutorials-dealing_with_missing_values_in_timegpt) tutorial. \n",
    "\n",
    "</details>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<details>\n",
    "    <summary>How can I plot the TimeGPT forecast?</summary>\n",
    "\n",
    "The `NixtlaClient` class has a [`plot` method](https://nixtlaverse.nixtla.io/nixtla/nixtla_client.html#nixtlaclient-validate-token) that can be used to visualize the forecast. This method only works in interactive environments such as Jupyter notebooks and it doesn't work on Python scripts. \n",
    "\n",
    "</details>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<details>\n",
    "    <summary>Does TimeGPT support polars?</summary>\n",
    "\n",
    "As of now, `TimeGPT` does not offer support for polars. \n",
    "\n",
    "</details>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<details>\n",
    "    <summary>Does TimeGPT produce stable predictions?</summary>\n",
    "\n",
    "`TimeGPT` is engineered for stability, ensuring consistent results for identical input data. This means that given the same dataset, the model will produce the same forecasts.\n",
    "\n",
    "</details>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Fine-tuning"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<details>\n",
    "    <summary>What is fine-tuning?</summary>\n",
    "\n",
    "`TimeGPT` was trained on the largest publicly available time series dataset, covering a wide range of domains such as finance, retail, healthcare, and more. This comprehensive training enables `TimeGPT` to produce accurate forecasts for new time series without additional training, a capability known as zero-shot learning.  \n",
    "\n",
    "While the zero-shot model provides a solid baseline, the performance of `TimeGPT` can often be improved through fine-tuning. During this process, the `TimeGPT` model undergoes additional training using your specific dataset, starting from the pre-trained paramaters. The updated model then produces the forecasts. You can control the number of training iterations and the loss function for fine-tuning with the `finetune_steps` and the `finetune_loss` parameters in the `forecast` method from the `NixtlaClient` class, respectively. \n",
    "\n",
    "For a comprehensive guide on how to apply fine-tuning, please refer to the [fine-tuning](https://docs.nixtla.io/docs/tutorials-fine_tuning) and the [fine-tuning with a specific loss function](https://docs.nixtla.io/docs/tutorials-fine_tuning_with_a_specific_loss_function) tutorials. \n",
    "\n",
    "</details>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<details>\n",
    "    <summary>Do I have to fine-tune every series?</summary>\n",
    "\n",
    "No, you do not need to fine-tune every series individually. When using the `finetune_steps` parameter, the model undergoes fine-tuning across all series in your dataset simultaneously. This method uses a cross-learning approach, allowing the model to learn from multiple series at once, which can improve individual forecasts.\n",
    "\n",
    "Keep in mind that selecting the right number of fine-tuning steps may require some trial and error. As the number of fine-tuning steps increases, the model becomes more specialized to your dataset, but will take longer to train and may be more prone to overfitting. \n",
    "\n",
    "</details>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<details>\n",
    "    <summary>Can I save fine-tuned parameters?</summary>\n",
    "\n",
    "Currently, it is not possible to save the fine-tuned parameters for later use. This means you will need to perform fine-tuning each time you submit your data, whether using the Python SDK or the API.\n",
    "\n",
    "</details>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Pricing and Billing "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<details>\n",
    "    <summary>How does pricing work?</summary>\n",
    "\n",
    "`TimeGPT` has a flat fee pricing structure with subscription. We currently have an Early Adopter subscription plan special rate, with a 30 day free trial. You can cancel anytime. \n",
    "\n",
    "* $99/month for up to 10,000 API calls per month\n",
    "* $300/month to add Premium Support. A dedicated Slack/Teams channel is available for priority support, best practices guidance, and feature prioritization. Sign up to receive expert advice and dedicated treatment from our team of experts. \n",
    "\n",
    "[Start your Free Trial](https://dashboard.nixtla.io/freetrial)\n",
    "\n",
    "For pricing of TimeGEN-1 on Azure, see the section on how tokens are counted.\n",
    "\n",
    "</details>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<details>\n",
    "    <summary>Are there free credits or discounts?</summary>\n",
    "\n",
    "Access is through our flat fee subscription plan. We do provide some credits for academic research. If you would like to learn more, please email us at ops@nixtla.io.\n",
    "\n",
    "</details>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<details>\n",
    "    <summary>How are tokens counted? (AzureAI)</summary> \n",
    "\n",
    "One token corresponds to one row of your dataset. When using exogenous variables, a token equals one row multiplied by the number of additional columns, excluding the `unique_id` and `ds` columns. For instance, the AirPassengers dataset used in the [TimeGPT Quickstart](https://docs.nixtla.io/docs/getting-started-timegpt_quickstart) consists of 144 rows, corresponding to 144 tokens. In the [Exogenous Variables](https://docs.nixtla.io/docs/tutorials-exogenous_variables) tutorial, the hourly electricity price dataset has 8,400 rows. Since it contains 9 exogenous variables, this totals 84,000 tokens (8,400 rows x 10 columns, including the target). Additionally, you also need to consider the future values of the exogenous variables, which are in a dataset with 120 rows and 9 columns, adding 1,080 tokens (120 x 9). This results in a total of 85,080 tokens.\n",
    "\n",
    "Furthermore, regardless of the presence of exogenous variables, you must include the number of fine-tune steps and the forecast horizon in your token count, with each step or forecasted value representing one additional token. For instance, if the forecast horizon is 24 and you have 5 series, this adds 120 additional tokens (24 forecasted values x 5 series).\n",
    "\n",
    "For high-frequency data, we recommend trimming the input whenever possible. For example, when working with minute-level data, consider trimming to the most recent hour to reduce costs. \n",
    "\n",
    "In the `Usage` section of your [dashboard](https://dashboard.nixtla.io/), you can find a detailed record of your token consumption history, helping you track and manage your usage effectively.\n",
    "\n",
    "</details>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<details>\n",
    "    <summary>How does billing work?</summary>\n",
    "\n",
    "Billing is done through Stripe. We've partnered with Stripe to handle all payment processing. You can view your invoices and payment history in your [dashboard](https://dashboard.nixtla.io/) under `Billing`. \n",
    "\n",
    "</details>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Privacy and Security "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<details>\n",
    "    <summary>How do you ensure the privacy and security of my data?</summary>\n",
    "\n",
    "At Nixtla, we take your privacy and security very seriously. To ensure you are fully informed about our policies regarding your data, please refer to the following documents: \n",
    "\n",
    "- [Privacy Notice](https://docs.nixtla.io/docs/privacy-notice)\n",
    "\n",
    "- For the Python SDK, please review the [license agreement](https://github.com/Nixtla/nixtla/blob/main/LICENSE). \n",
    "\n",
    "- For `TimeGPT`, please refer to our [terms and conditions](https://docs.nixtla.io/docs/terms-and-conditions). \n",
    "\n",
    "In addtion, we are currently developing a self-hosted version of `TimeGPT`, tailored for the unique security requirements of enterprise data. This version is currently in beta. If you are interested in exploring this option, please contact us at ops@nixtla.io.\n",
    "\n",
    "</details>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Troubleshooting "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The following section contains some common errors and warnings "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<details>\n",
    "    <summary><strong>Error message: Invalid API key</strong></summary>\n",
    "\n",
    "``` python\n",
    "ApiError: status_code: 401, body: {'data': None, 'message': 'Invalid API key', 'details': 'Key not found', 'code': 'A12', 'requestID': 'E7F2BBTB2P', 'support': 'If you have questions or need support, please email ops@nixtla.io'}\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "**Solution:** This error occurs when your `TimeGPT` API key is either invalid or has not been set up correctly. Please use the `validate_api_key` method to verify it or make sure it was copied correctly from the `API Keys` section of your [dashboard](https://dashboard.nixtla.io/).\n",
    "\n",
    "</details>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<details>\n",
    "<summary><strong>Error message: Too many requests</strong></summary>\n",
    "\n",
    "``` python\n",
    "ApiError: status_code: 429, body: {'data': None, 'message': 'Too many requests', 'details': 'You need to add a payment method to continue using the API, do so from https://dashboard.nixtla.io', 'code': 'A21', 'requestID': 'NCJDK7KSJ6', 'support': 'If you have questions or need support, please email ops@nixtla.io'}\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "**Solution:** This error occurs when you have exhausted your free credits and need to add a payment method to continue using `TimeGPT`. You can add a payment method in the `Billing` section of your [dashboard](https://dashboard.nixtla.io/).\n",
    "\n",
    "</details>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<details>\n",
    "<summary><strong>Error message: WriteTimeout</strong></summary>\n",
    "\n",
    "**Solution:**  If you encounter a `WriteTimeout` error, it means that the request has exceeded the allowable processing time. This is a common issue when working with large datasets. To fix this, consider increasing the `num_partitions` parameter in the [`forecast` method](https://nixtlaverse.nixtla.io/nixtla/nixtla_client.html#nixtlaclient-forecast) of the `NixtlaClient` class, or use a distributed backend if not already in use.\n",
    "\n",
    "</details>\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Additional Support"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "If you have any more questions or need support, please reach out by:\n",
    "\n",
    "- Opening an [issue](https://github.com/Nixtla/nixtla/issues) on GitHub for technical questions or bugs.\n",
    "- Sending an email to ops@nixtla.io for general inquiries or support.\n",
    "- Joining our [Slack](https://join.slack.com/t/nixtlacommunity/shared_invite/zt-2ebtgjbip-QMSnvm6ED1NF5vi4xj_13Q) community to connect with our team and the forecasting community."
   ]
  }
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